Politics of Memory as the Constitutional Factor of New Identity during the Transition from Authoritarian Regimes

In November 2014 and September 2015, Anna Ratke-Majewska, PhD, and Patryk Wawrzyński, PhD, took research trips to Chile (Santiago de Chile and Valparaiso). Thanks to them, they were able to conduct preliminary studies and establish cooperation with two host institutions: Universidad de Santiago de Chile (Departamento de Historia) and Universidad de Chile (Departamento de Ciencias Historicas). In her guest lectures in these academic institutions, Anna Ratke-Majewska had an opportunity to compare the Polish and Chilean politics of memory in the transition period.

General Cemetery in Santiago de Chile

At the General Cemetery in Santiago, there are some important memorial sites devoted to the victims of the junta led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. One of them is the Patio 29 Quarter, where the victims of the putsch of 11 September 1973 and people secretly murdered during the period of authoritarian military government in Chile were buried in nameless graves. There are also the monument devoted to the memory of people who were arrested, executed or went missing in the period of the military regime (Memorial del Detenido Desaparecido y del Ejecutado Político located at the General Cemetery), and the graves of Victor Jara (a Chilean bard, poet, theatrical director, singer, guitar player and political activist, who was tortured and then killed in 2004) and President Salvador Allende, who committed suicide on the day of the coup d’état [A.Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

 

Londres 38

The building at Londres 38 in Santiago was one of secret centres of DINA (Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional), i.e. the National Intelligence Directorate – a specialised intelligence unit, which performed operations against the political opponents of Pinochet’s regime. It was the Chilean secret police. After the junta took over power, Londres 38 became the place where prisoners were tortured.

At present, Londres 38 is a site of memory that is a tribute to the victims of Augusto Pinochet’s military regime. Moreover, owing to temporary and permanent exhibitions, it stimulates the reflection on the issues of human rights [A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

The Museum of Memory and Human Rights (Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos)

Museo de la Memoria y los Derechos Humanos is first of all devoted to the issues of the violation of human rights by the Chilean authorities in the years 1973-1990. Its primary goal is to pay a tribute to the victims of Pinochet’s regime and their families. Moreover, it serves the purpose of stimulating the discussion on the importance of respect and tolerance [A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

Villa Grimaldi

It is another site of the memory of the victims of Augusto Pinochet’s regime that functions in the public space. This residence was one of DINA’s secret centres, where political opponents were held, brutally tortured and murdered. [A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

42nd anniversary of the coup d’état – 11 September 2015 – Santiago de Chile

The photographs show forms of the commemoration of the events of 11 September 1973. They present flowers, wreaths and monuments in front of the presidential palace - Palacio de La Moneda (where Salvador Allende committed suicide) and the commemoration of the anniversary at the National Stadium (Estadio Nacional), which, after the putsch was transformed into the concentration camp and became a place where political opponents were kept and tormented.[A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

Monumento Mujeres en la Memoria

It is one of memorials devoted to the memory of the victims of human rights violation in Chile. It was dedicated to all women that were affected by repression and terror during Augusto Pinochet’s military dictatorship, as well as to those who fought the regime and campaigned for the democratisation of the Chilean society [A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

 

Salvador Allende Solidarity Museum(Museo de la Solidaridad Salvador Allende)

Salvador Allende Solidarity Musuem in Santiago (Museo de la Solidaridad Salvador Allende), officially opened in 1972, was closed after the coup d’état performed by Augusto Pinochet’s junta. It resumed its activity in 1991. At present, it is one of the most important museums of modern art in Latin America [A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

Universidad de Santiago de Chile (Facultad de Humanidades, Departamento de Historia)

The meeting with the authorities and staff of the Faculty. The research team members Wykonawców projektu (A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD, and Patryk Wawrzyński, PhD) were hosted by the Dean – Dr Marcelo Mella Polanco, PhD. On the photograph – Head of the History Department – Igor Goicovic Donoso, PhD. In the background – sculptures commemorating victims of the regime – including the guitar with a hand lifted towards the sky – which is a tribute to Victor Jara [A. Ratke-Majewska, PhD].

Universidad de Chile (Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, Departamento de Ciencias Historicas)

The meeting with the authorities and staff of the Faculty. On the photograph (on the right) – Professor Fernando Ramírez Morales and Professor María Elisa Fernández Navarro. Another photo presents a mural related to the issues of the politics of memory on one of the walls of the Faculty building.